Nuclear Systems

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Charles de Gaulle (R91): 25 Years of Europe’s Only Nuclear Aircraft Carrier — Operational Record, Technical Lessons, and the Road to PANG

Charles de Gaulle (R91): 25 Years of Europe’s Only Nuclear Aircraft Carrier — Operational Record, Technical Lessons, and the Road to PANG

Commissioned in May 2001 after a troubled construction history spanning nearly two decades, the French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle (R91) has become one of...

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PANG: France’s Next-Generation Nuclear Aircraft Carrier and What It Means for Naval Power Projection in 2038

PANG: France’s Next-Generation Nuclear Aircraft Carrier and What It Means for Naval Power Projection in 2038

When France awarded Naval Group a €5.5 billion design contract for its next-generation nuclear aircraft carrier in 2022, it formalized a strategic commitment: France would...

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Le Triomphant-Class SSBN: France’s Independent Nuclear Deterrent and the Architecture of Sea-Based Strategic Assurance

Le Triomphant-Class SSBN: France’s Independent Nuclear Deterrent and the Architecture of Sea-Based Strategic Assurance

Among the most consequential hardware decisions any state can make is whether to maintain an independent nuclear deterrent. Only five nations have chosen to do...

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Barracuda-Class SSN: How France’s Suffren Submarine Redefines Nuclear Sea Power — And Why AUKUS Changed Everything

Barracuda-Class SSN: How France’s Suffren Submarine Redefines Nuclear Sea Power — And Why AUKUS Changed Everything

There are only six nations that operate nuclear-powered attack submarines (SSN): the United States, Russia, China, the United Kingdom, France, and India. Building an SSN...